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The number of lesbian respondents was too low to draw any definite conclusions. Differences between gay and straight male sadomasochists in the present sample were found. An ANCOVA weighted for group size was computed with mental health of gay and bisexual men versus the population sample as outcomes. Age and educational level were used as covariates. The better educated participants thus reported fewer mental health problems. Bivariate correlations of the constructs were computed within the gay and bisexual sample only see Table 1.
Furthermore, a step-wise regression analysis was computed for the gay and bisexual sample to analyze possible reasons for the mental health differences that the ANCOVA revealed. Mental health was used as the criterion. In step 1, sociodemographics were included as predictors, while victimization, rejection sensitivity, and internalized homonegativity were introduced as predictors in steps 2 to 4 see Table 2. This study provides initial data on mental health differences between gay and bisexuals versus a population-based male sample in Germany.
Furthermore, we noted that minority stressors significantly predict mental health problems in German gay and bisexual men above and beyond sociodemographic variables known to influence mental health such as age and education [ 28 , 29 ]. Our investigation revealed that German gay and bisexual men report more mental health problems than a German male population sample.
Our first hypothesis, namely that the gay and bisexual men would report more mental health issues than our population sample, was thus confirmed. These findings are consistent with those from other Western countries, including a number of meta-analytic data documenting mental health differences between gay and bisexual versus heterosexual men [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Furthermore, we detected a medium effect size in mental health differences that is in line with meta-analytic data [ 3 ].
Our study therefore provides additional evidence that mental health differences disfavoring gay and bisexual men seem to be a general issue in Western societies. Furthermore, we found that younger participants and those with lower education levels reported slightly more mental health problems than older participants and those with higher education levels. These findings are consistent with previous research reporting better mental health in older individuals and those with higher socioeconomic status [ 28 , 29 ].
In addition, we analyzed possible reasons for mental health problems within the gay and bisexual group: we found that victimization, rejection sensitivity, and internalized homonegativity significantly predict mental health problems in this sample. These findings are in line with previous studies documenting that minority stress predicts mental health problems in gay and bisexual men [ 11 , 13 , 16 ]. Hypothesis 2, stating that minority stress victimization, rejection sensitivity, and internalized homonegativity would predict mental health problems in gay and bisexual men, was thus confirmed as well.
In summary, we can assume that minority stress may be a driving factor in producing mental health differences between individuals afflicted by it, such as gay and bisexual men, and those who are not, such as heterosexual men. Accordingly, there is evidence that such mental health differences in German LGBs versus heterosexuals are mediated by sexual identity stress stress based on the true sexual identity [ 30 ]. Strengths of our study include the recruitment of a large sample of gay and bisexual men.
Second, our results probably reflect a rather conservative estimate, since our sample of gay and bisexual men was compared to a population sample that might have included at least some gay and bisexual men who would have probably reported a higher mean of mental health problems than an entirely heterosexual sample. Limitations of this study include that the gay and bisexual sample may not have been representative of German gay and bisexual men due to our online sampling method.
However, since we controlled for sociodemographics in our analyses, sampling biases should be within reasonable limits. Second, we did not assess sexual orientation in the population sample and cannot therefore state how many gay and bisexual men it contained.
Due to the low prevalence of a gay or bisexual orientation in men about 2. Third, our measure of mental health problems was rather weak and likely assessed psychological distress more than mental disorders. A number of implications for clinical professionals can be drawn from this study: German gay and bisexual men are likely to suffer from more psychological distress and a greater number of mental health disorders than heterosexual men due to experiences of minority stress.
They are therefore probably overrepresented in clinical samples. Future studies should determine how diminishing minority stress and coping with it can be managed in order to reduce minority-stress linked psychological distress in gay and bisexual men. Our study indicates that mental health differences among German gay and bisexual men versus the general male population are prevalent. While a road to minority stress coping might be psychotherapy for inflicted individuals, minority stress reduction should also be pursued on a political level through mass media and general education about acceptance towards gay and bisexual orientations.
A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. Verhaltenstherapie Psychosoz Prax. Google Scholar. Bolton S-L, Sareen J. Sexual orientation and its relation to mental disorders and suicide attempts: findings from a nationally representative sample.
Can J Psychiatr. Article Google Scholar. Psychiatric morbidity associated with same-sex sexual behaviour: influence of minority stress and familial factors. Psychol Med. Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Public Health. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men.
J Consult Clin Psychol. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Mayfield W. The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. J Homosex. Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: insights from a social psychological perspective. So if a person is born a male, meaning they have male reproductive organs and the Y chromosome. This person identifies as a female and is only attracted to males.
Which is offensive. But they are very different organizations and are not connected. I have read your post and it's very interesting post.
I have achieved valuable thoughts from your post. Curious Eddie: I am a trans man, but I do not understand your argument. I personally am bisexual, but I know lots of straight trans men and women who are perceived and respected as straight by the gay community.
Another reason why we T and LGB people stick together is the fact that heteronormativity and discrimination affect us all in similar ways. Homophobia and transphobia are just different sides of the same coin and they stem from the same basic fear of deviance society has.
Well now that so many women like to Curse at most of us straight single guys today for no reason at all when we will try to start a conversation with a woman that we would really like to meet, which really makes me wonder how many women today that are really gay altogether since i know other single friends that had it happened to them as well.
What is up with that since there are many of us good guys very seriously looking for a relationship now? And how in the world can we really meet a woman if most of them are really like this today? What are our chances? Why not say you don't know, the differences between men and women as far as sexual orientation goes. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Contexts is a quarterly magazine that makes cutting-edge social research accessible to general readers. We're the public face of sociology. Contexts sociology for the public. Home Departments Blog About Search. Photo by Dr. Sexuality and inequality research. Comments Maliq Matthew March 12, Brad Bowins March 31, Liz-B-Anne August 11, Just wanted to explain one possible viewpoint.
Estraven November 4, Ahsan Fabcom February 19, Why are gay people who are in their 30s hide from the world even at that age? Eugene March 10, AWA Ereck April 29, Rahulkumar August 31, Kat September 17, Sexual fluidity among men is a real thing but kept on the hush A.
Terence Anderton December 1, Anything about sex is interesting from a bi sexual man I Amin awe of anything about sex fluidity. Chris January 3, Curious Eddie October 4, Livecamdeals February 4, Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. About Contexts Contexts is a quarterly magazine that makes cutting-edge social research accessible to general readers. Hosted by.
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